The publication presents the first Russian translation of an extract from René Etiemble’s book Reasons of Comparative Literature, or, Comparison is Not Reason [Comparaison n’est pas raison] — an important milestone in the history of exploring the comparative method and its potential and limitations in the study of literature. In his disputes with fellow scholars M.-F. Guyard, G. Ascoli, and R. Vivier, who studied the evolution of literary genres and images of foreign cultures, which every nation forms in its own way, Etiemble formulates his idea of the tasks of comparative studies. These include analysis of temporal and spatial stretches that see factual interrelations exhibited in their fullness. The book’s most urgent appeal is for comparatists to stay focused on literature in its original meaning. Advocating a prudent balance between historical research and critical self-reflection, Etiemble recognizes the need for a system of invariants (constants, invariables) capable of extricating modern literature from chaos and confusion. In an age where the aesthetic norm is rejected, the comparative method must contribute to the creation of modern-day aesthetics.